| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Center for Vitamins and Cancer Research (K.N.P., A.K., W.C.C.), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (V.K.), New Delhi, INDIA
Address reprint requests to: Kedar N. Prasad, PhD, UCHSC, Dept. of Radiology, Box C278, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262
Numerous articles and several reviews have been published on the role of antioxidants, and diet and lifestyle modifications in cancer prevention. However, the potential role of these factors in the management of human cancer have been largely ignored. Extensive in vitro studies and limited in vivo studies have revealed that individual antioxidants such as vitamin A (retinoids), vitamin E (primarily 
-tocopheryl succinate), vitamin C (primarily sodium ascorbate) and carotenoids (primarily polar carotenoids) induce cell differentiation and growth inhibition to various degrees in rodent and human cancer cells by complex mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms for these effects include inhibition of protein kinase C activity, prostaglandin E1-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, expression of c-myc, H-ras, and a transcription factor (E2F), and induction of transforming growth factor-ß and p21 genes. Furthermore, antioxidant vitamins individually or in combination enhance the growth-inhibitory effects of x-irradiation, chemotherapeutic agents, hyperthermia, and biological response modifiers on tumor cells, primarily in vitro. These vitamins, individually, also reduce the toxicity of several standard tumor therapeutic agents on normal cells. Low fat and high fiber diets can further enhance the efficacy of standard cancer therapeutic agents; the proposed mechanisms for these effects include the production of increased levels of butyric acid and binding of potential mutagens in the gastrointestinal tract by high fiber and reduced levels of growth promoting agents such as prostaglandins, certain fatty acids and estrogen by low fat. We propose, therefore, a working hypothesis that multiple antioxidant vitamin supplements together with diet and lifestyle modifications may improve the efficacy of standard and experimental cancer therapies.
KEY TEACHING POINTS: • Supplemental antioxidants poteniate the efficacy of chemotherapy
• Supplemental antioxidants potentiate the efficacy of x-irradiation and hyperthermia
• Supplemental antioxidants induce differentiation in cancer cells
• Supplemental antioxidants regulate gene expression in cancer cells
Key words: differentiation, growth-inhibition, gene regulation, vitamin supplements, diet, lifestyle
Abbreviations: RA=retinoic acid • -TS=-tocopheryl succinate • -TA=-tocopheryl acetate • T=-tocopherol
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  B. D. Lawenda, K. M. Kelly, E. J. Ladas, S. M. Sagar, A. Vickers, and J. B. Blumberg Should Supplemental Antioxidant Administration Be Avoided During Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy? J Natl Cancer Inst, June 4, 2008; 100(11): 773 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Doyle, L. H. Kushi, T. Byers, K. S. Courneya, W. Demark-Wahnefried, B. Grant, A. McTiernan, C. L. Rock, C. Thompson, T. Gansler, et al. Nutrition and Physical Activity During and After Cancer Treatment: An American Cancer Society Guide for Informed Choices CA Cancer J Clin, November 1, 2006; 56(6): 323 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Donapaty, S. Louis, E. Horvath, J. Kun, S. M. Sebti, and M. P. Malafa RRR-{alpha}-Tocopherol succinate down-regulates oncogenic Ras signaling. Mol. Cancer Ther., February 1, 2006; 5(2): 309 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Bairati, F. Meyer, M. Gelinas, A. Fortin, A. Nabid, F. Brochet, J.-P. Mercier, B. Tetu, F. Harel, B. Abdous, et al. Randomized Trial of Antioxidant Vitamins to Prevent Acute Adverse Effects of Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients J. Clin. Oncol., August 20, 2005; 23(24): 5805 - 5813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Seely, E. J. Mills, P. Wu, S. Verma, and G. H. Guyatt The Effects of Green Tea Consumption on Incidence of Breast Cancer and Recurrence of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Integr Cancer Ther, June 1, 2005; 4(2): 144 - 155. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Bairati, F. Meyer, M. Gelinas, A. Fortin, A. Nabid, F. Brochet, J.-P. Mercier, B. Tetu, F. Harel, B. Masse, et al. A Randomized Trial of Antioxidant Vitamins to Prevent Second Primary Cancers in Head and Neck Cancer Patients J Natl Cancer Inst, April 6, 2005; 97(7): 481 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Gonzalez, J. R. Miranda-Massari, E. M. Mora, A. Guzman, N. H. Riordan, H. D. Riordan, J. J. Casciari, J. A. Jackson, and A. Roman-Franco Orthomolecular Oncology Review: Ascorbic Acid and Cancer 25 Years Later Integr Cancer Ther, March 1, 2005; 4(1): 32 - 44. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K. Pathak, M. Bhutani, R. Guleria, S. Bal, A. Mohan, B. K. Mohanti, A. Sharma, R. Pathak, N. K. Bhardwaj, K. N. Prasad, et al. Chemotherapy Alone vs. Chemotherapy Plus High Dose Multiple Antioxidants in Patients with Advanced Non Small Cell Lung Cancer J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 24(1): 16 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. N. Prasad Multiple Dietary Antioxidants Enhance the Efficacy of Standard and Experimental Cancer Therapies and Decrease Their Toxicity Integr Cancer Ther, December 1, 2004; 3(4): 310 - 322. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Schabath, H. B. Grossman, G. L. Delclos, L. M. Hernandez, R. S. Day, B. R. Davis, S. P. Lerner, M. R. Spitz, and X. Wu Dietary Carotenoids and Genetic Instability Modify Bladder Cancer Risk J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3362 - 3369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Zeisel Antioxidants Suppress Apoptosis J. Nutr., November 1, 2004; 134(11): 3179S - 3180S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gaynor One Oncologist's View of Integrative Care: Keynote Address, Comprehensive Cancer Care Conference, April 2003 Integr Cancer Ther, March 1, 2004; 3(1): 82 - 87. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Ladas, J. S. Jacobson, D. D. Kennedy, K. Teel, A. Fleischauer, and K. M. Kelly Antioxidants and Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 517 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Norman, R. R. Butrum, E. Feldman, D. Heber, D. Nixon, M. F. Picciano, R. Rivlin, A. Simopoulos, M. J. Wargovich, E. K. Weisburger, et al. The Role of Dietary Supplements during Cancer Therapy J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3794S - 3799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Brown, T. Byers, C. Doyle, K. S. Courneya, W. Demark-Wahnefried, L. H. Kushi, A. McTiernan, C. L. Rock, N. Aziz, A. S. Bloch, et al. Nutrition and Physical Activity During and After Cancer Treatment: An American Cancer Society Guide for Informed Choices CA Cancer J Clin, September 1, 2003; 53(5): 268 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. E. Seifried, S. S. McDonald, D. E. Anderson, P. Greenwald, and J. A. Milner The Antioxidant Conundrum in Cancer Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 63(15): 4295 - 4298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. I. Block and M. N. Mead Vitamin C in Alternative Cancer Treatment: Historical Background Integr Cancer Ther, June 1, 2003; 2(2): 147 - 154. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Drisko, J. Chapman, and V. J. Hunter The Use of Antioxidants with First-Line Chemotherapy in Two Cases of Ovarian Cancer J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 22(2): 118 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Pathak, N. Singh, N. Khanna, V. G. Reddy, K. N. Prasad, and V. Kochupillai Potentiation of the Effect of Paclitaxel and Carboplatin by Antioxidant Mixture on Human Lung Cancer H520 Cells J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2002; 21(5): 416 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kumar, M. N. Jha, W. C. Cole, J. S. Bedford, and K. N. Prasad D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Succinate (Vitamin E) Enhances Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Damage Levels in Human Cancer Cells, but Reduces it in Normal Cells J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 21(4): 339 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kumar, W. C. Cole, and K. N. Prasad Alpha Tocopheryl Succinate, Retinoic Acid and Polar Carotenoids Enhanced the Growth-Inhibitory Effect of a Cholesterol-Lowering Drug on Immortalized and Transformed Nerve Cells in Culture J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2001; 20(6): 628 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. N. Prasad, W. C. Cole, B. Kumar, and K. C. Prasad Scientific Rationale for Using High-Dose Multiple Micronutrients as an Adjunct to Standard and Experimental Cancer Therapies J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2001; 20(90005): 450S - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Brown, T. Byers, K. Thompson, B. Eldridge, C. Doyle, A. M. Williams, and American Cancer Society Workgroup on Nutrition and Nutrition During and After Cancer Treatment: A Guide for Informed Choices by Cancer Survivors CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2001; 51(3): 153 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. M. Factor, D. Laskowska, M. R. Jensen, J. T. Woitach, N. C. Popescu, and S. S. Thorgeirsson Vitamin E reduces chromosomal damage and inhibits hepatic tumor formation in a transgenic mouse model PNAS, February 29, 2000; 97(5): 2196 - 2201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
