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Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 25, No. 3, 178-187 (2006)
Published by the American College of Nutrition

Effects of High Fruit-Vegetable and/or Low-Fat Intervention on Plasma Micronutrient Levels

Zora Djuric, PhD, Jianwei Ren, MD, Olga Mekhovich, PhD, Raghu Venkatranamoorthy, MEng and Lance K. Heilbrun, PhD

Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.D.)
Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University (J.R., O.M., R.V., L.K.H), Detroit, Michigan

Address correspondence to: Dr. Zora Djuric, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Hospital Drive, Room 2150 Cancer and Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0930. E-mail: zoralong{at}umich.edu

Objectives: Higher plasma micronutrient levels have been associated with decreased cancer risks. The objective of this study was to determine the relative effects of reduced fat and/or increased fruit-vegetable (FV) intakes on plasma micronutrient levels.

Methods: Healthy, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer (n = 122) were randomized across four diet arms for one year in a 2 x 2 factorial design study: control, low-fat, high fruit-vegetable and combination low-fat/high FV diets. Levels of plasma micronutrients were measured in plasma at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results: The high FV intervention, regardless of fat intake, significantly increased {alpha}-carotene, ß-carotene and vitamin C levels in plasma. Only the combination high FV, low-fat intervention significantly increased plasma ß-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin levels over time. Although {alpha}-tocopherol was not affected, a potential concern is that the low-fat intervention resulted in significantly decreased both {gamma}-tocopherol dietary intakes and plasma levels, regardless of whether or not FV intakes were concomitantly increased.

Conclusions: Unlike {alpha}-tocopherol, {gamma}-tocopherol plasma levels were decreased by a low fat diet, perhaps because {gamma}-tocopherol is not generally added to foods nor widely used in vitamin E supplements. The decreased dietary intakes and plasma levels of {gamma}-tocopherol with a low-fat diet may have implications for health risks since the biological functions of the different tocopherol isomers have been reported to be distinct.

Key words: high fruit vegetable diet, low-fat diet, carotenoids, tocopherols, plasma levels




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