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Heart Murmurs, Valvular Regurgitation and Electrical Disturbances in Copper-Deficient Genetically Hypertensive, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathic Rats

Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management (L.J.S., D.M.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
Department of Food Science and Technology (S.A.V.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (J.D.B.), Columbia University, Columbia, Missouri

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Representative ECG tracings from LE-Cu+ (a), LE-Cu- (b), SHHF-Cu+ (c), and SHHF-Cu- (d) rats. Primary S-T segment changes occurred in one LE-Cu- animal (b) and one SHHF-Cu+ animal (not pictured). The LE-Cu- group (b) and the SHHF groups (c and d) showed a higher incidence of notching of the QRS complex (c, *) when compared to the LE-Cu+ group. The SHHF-Cu- (d) group had a significant increase in the duration of the QRS complex when compared to other groups. Vertical bars represent 1 mV; horizontal bars represent 100 ms.

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Method of measuring left ventricular diastolic (a) and systolic (b) areas (dotted lines). Left ventricular chamber diameter in diastole and systole (LVIDD, LVIDS) were calculated from cavity areas as: Left ventricular internal diameter=2(left ventricular internal area/). Myocardial thickness in diastole and systole (MTD, MTS) were calculated from left ventricular internal and external areas as: Myocardial thickness=(left ventricular external area/)-left ventricular internal diameter/2. RV=right ventricle; IVS=interventricular septum.

View larger version (117K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Doppler echocardiograms demonstrating valvular regurgitation. Recording from a SHHF-Cu- rat showing a black and white representation of a color Doppler mapped tricuspid regurgitant jet (*). The pulse-wave Doppler tracing (below) is characterized by a broad, holosystolic, turbulent flow pattern (a). Aortic regurgitation recorded from the left ventricular outflow tract of a LE-Cu- rat (b). The disturbed, holodiastolic signal (*) was recorded using pulsed-wave DE from a large angle which underestimates true maximal velocity. The triangular, normal systolic flow signal is also recorded. This rat also demonstrated mitral regurgitation (not pictured).

View larger version (77K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Black and white representation of color coded Doppler echocardiograms demonstrating valvular regurgitation. A wide tricuspid regurgitant jet recorded from a parasternal image of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of a SHHF-Cu- animal (a). Mitral regurgitant jet of narrow origin and wide distribution (dotted lines) recorded in the left atrium of a SHHF-Cu- animal from a parasternal long-axis image of the left ventricle (b). The aorta demonstrated a normal flow pattern. TR=tricuspid regurgitant jet; TV=tricuspid valve; MR=mitral regurgitant jet; RV=right ventricle; RA=right atrium; LV=left ventricle; LA=left atrium; AO=aorta; PA=pulmonary artery.