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Micronutrients and the Premenstrual Syndrome: The Case for Calcium

Clinical Director, Metabolic Bone Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Mean concentrations of estradiol and ionized calcium across the menstrual cycle. Data are presented as means (±SE). The PMS group is represented by circles; the asymptomatic group by squares. EF denotes early follicular phase; LL denotes late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The asterisk indicates p<0.05 for the change from EF to Day 0 or from Day 0 to LL.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mean concentrations of 25OHD, iPTH and 1,25(OH)2D across the menstrual cycle. Data are presented as means (±SE). The PMS group is represented by circles; the asymptomatic group by squares. EF denotes early follicular phase; LL denotes late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The asterisk indicates p<0.05 for the change from EF to Day 0 or from Day 0 to LL. 25OHD represents 25 hydroxyvitamin D; iPTH represents intact parathyroid hormone; 1,25(OH)2D represents 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. The asterisk indicates p<0.05 for controls vs. PMS. The double asterisk indicates p<0.01 for controls vs. PMS. The dagger refers to p<0.01 for the change from EF to Day 0.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Estradiol influences calcium and vitamin D metabolism across the menstrual cycle inducing fluctuations in calcium concentrations and triggering luteal phase symptoms. E2 represents estradiol; PTH—parathyroid hormone; Ca++—ionized calcium.