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Calcium Requirements during Adolescence to Maximize Bone Health

Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of PBM development in males and females. Theoretically bone accrual continues to 30 years of age or later, but practically all of the gain of PBM occurs by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys. Adapted from Anderson and Garner [25].

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Peak bone mineral content or mass of the total skeleton (PBM) as part of the development of boys and girls. Adapted from Boot et al. [3] and Martin et al. [4].

View larger version (46K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Calcium balance (calculated retention) in prepubertal, pubertal and late pubertal girls, as determined by a stable nuclide of calcium. Adapted from Abrams and Stuff [7].

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The early gain of bone mass and possible scenarios of bone development depending on contributions of environmental variables such as regular activities and adequate intake of calcium. From Anderson [15] (with permission of American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.)

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Skeletal gains in prepubertal girls: Effects of exercise (gymnastics) on bone mineral density (BMD) compared to controls. Adapted from Bass et al. [10].

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Total body bone mineral content gains (accrual velocity in grams per year) in girls and boys according to physical activity level (inactive, average or active). Adapted from Bailey et al. [9]. The active group was significantly greater than the inactive group for both boys and girls (p < 0.001).