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The Zone Diet Phenomenon: A Closer Look at the Science behind the Claims

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Maine

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Postulated biological sequence of events linking a lower carbohydrate intake with a state of superior health known as the Zone [1,9] (P:C = protein to carbohydrate ratio; I:G = insulin to glucagon ratio).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Construct of normal blood glucose regulation and associated glycemic thresholds suggests that insulin release and withdrawal exclusively regulates plasma glucose in the resting, postabsorptive state. Adapted from reference [17].

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Simplified schematic of eicosanoid biosynthesis from food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids or their derived metabolic intermediate progenitors GLA, DGLA, AA, and EPA (GLA = gamma linolenic acid, DGLA = dihomo-gamma linolenic acid, AA = arachidonic acid, EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; COX = cyclooxygenase, LIPOX = lipoxegenase; PG = prostaglandin, PGI = prostacyclin, TX = thromboxane, LT = leukotriene, OH-DGLA = 15-hydroxydihomo-gamma linolenic acid; 5, 6 = delta 5 and 6 desaturase enzymes). Subscripts denote the total number of double bonds in each molecules structure and the series to which it belongs.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Select nutritional and hormonal factors stimulating (+) or inhibiting (-) desaturase enzyme activity. (* = hormone actions supersede macronutrient actions in vivo [81]). Adapted from reference [12].