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Hydration and Cognition: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Future Research

US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Decline in function resulting from dehydration.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. a) Percent of correct responses on the serial addition test. Results are reported at thermoneutral, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% dehydration conditions. The actual levels of dehydration are shown in parentheses below the desired target levels (*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001). Data re-plotted from Gopinathan et al. [14]. b) The mean speed (sec) on the trail-making test at thermoneutral, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% dehydration conditions. Actual levels of dehydration reached are shown in parentheses below the desired target levels (***p < 0.001). Data re-plotted from Gopinathan et al. [14].

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. a) Results from the symbol substitution test at 0, 1, 2 and 3% dehydration levels at three environmental conditions; thermoneutral, hot-dry, and hot-humid. Mean levels of actual dehydration for only hot-dry and hot-humid conditions are shown in parentheses below the target levels. Actual dehydration levels for the thermoneutral condition were not reported. (*p < .05; this value has been computed from the original data as the authors did not test significance below the p < 0.01 level) Data re-plotted from Sharma et al. [13]. b) Results from the eye-hand coordination test at 0, 1, 2 and 3% dehydration levels at three environmental conditions -thermoneutral, hot-dry, and hot-humid. Mean levels of actual dehydration for hot dry and hot humid conditions are shown in parentheses below the target levels. Levels for the thermoneutral condition were not reported. (**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001) Data re-plotted from Sharma et al. [13].

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. a) Ratings for the question, "How sore does your head feel now?" in the fluid restriction and euhydration conditions. (**p < 0.01 compared to the euhydration condition). Data re-plotted from Shirreffs et al. [11]. b) Ratings for the question, "How well can you concentrate just now?" in the fluid restriction and euhydration conditions (**p < 0.01 compared to the euhydration condition). Data re-plotted from Shirreffs et al. [11]. c) Changes in body mass over time for fluid restriction and euhydration conditions (*p < 0.05 compared to euhydration). Data re-plotted from Shirreffs et al. [11].