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Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 26, No. 6, 679S-683S (2007)
Published by the American College of Nutrition

The Physiological Relevance of the Intestinal Microbiota - Contributions to Human Health

Kelly A. Tappenden, Ph.D, RD and Andrew S. Deutsch, BS

Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

Address reprint requests to: Kelly A. Tappenden, Ph.D., R.D., 443 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail: tappende{at}uiuc.edu

The intestinal commensal microbiota is a dynamic mixture of essential microbes that develops under key influences of genetics, environment, diet and disease. Population profiles differ along the gastrointestinal tract, from the lumen to the mucosa, and among individuals. The total microbiota population outnumbers the cells in the human body and accounts for 35–50% of the volume of the colonic content. Key physiological functions of the commensal microbiota include protective effects exerted directly by specific bacterial species, control of epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, production of essential mucosal nutrients, such as short-chain fatty acids and amino acids, prevention of overgrowth of pathogenic organisms, and stimulation of intestinal immunity. Oral probiotics are living microorganisms that upon ingestion in specific numbers exert health benefits beyond those of inherent basic nutrition. Emerging evidence indicates prophylactic and therapeutic utility for probiotic consumption in gastrointestinal health and disease.






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Copyright © 2007 by the American College of Nutrition.