Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol 10, Issue 4 383-393, Copyright © 1991 by American College of Nutrition

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources

R. D. Mattes and D. Donnelly
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.

Information on the relative contributions of all dietary sodium (Na) sources is needed to assess the potential efficacy of manipulating the component parts in efforts to implement current recommendations to reduce Na intake in the population. The present study quantified the contributions of inherently food-borne, processing-added, table, cooking, and water sources in 62 adults who were regular users of discretionary salt to allow such an assessment. Seven-day dietary records, potable water collections, and preweighted salt shakers were used to estimate Na intake. Na added during processing contributed 77% of total intake, 11.6% was derived from Na inherent to food, and water was a trivial source. The observed table (6.2%) and cooking (5.1%) values may overestimate the contribution of these sources in the general population due to sample characteristics, yet they were still markedly lower than previously reported values. These findings, coupled with similar observations from other studies, indicate that reduction of discretionary salt will contribute little to moderation of total Na intake in the population.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Havas, B. D. Dickinson, and M. Wilson The Urgent Need to Reduce Sodium Consumption JAMA, September 26, 2007; 298(12): 1439 - 1441. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. D. Dickinson, S. Havas, and for the Council on Science and Public Health, Amer Reducing the Population Burden of Cardiovascular Disease by Reducing Sodium Intake: A Report of the Council on Science and Public Health Arch Intern Med, July 23, 2007; 167(14): 1460 - 1468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Adrogue and N. E. Madias Sodium and Potassium in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension N. Engl. J. Med., May 10, 2007; 356(19): 1966 - 1978. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Shirazki, Z. Weintraub, D. Reich, E. Gershon, and M. Leshem Lowest neonatal serum sodium predicts sodium intake in low birth weight children Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1683 - R1689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J Appel Salt reduction in the United States BMJ, September 16, 2006; 333(7568): 561 - 562. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Damgaard, P. Norsk, F. Gustafsson, J. K. Kanters, N. J. Christensen, P. Bie, L. Friberg, and N. Gadsboll Hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to changes in sodium intake in compensated heart failure Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): R1294 - R1301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Appel, M. W. Brands, S. R. Daniels, N. Karanja, P. J. Elmer, and F. M. Sacks Dietary Approaches to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Hypertension, February 1, 2006; 47(2): 296 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kochli, Y. Tenenbaum-Rakover, and M. Leshem Increased salt appetite in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia 21-hydroxylase deficiency Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): R1673 - R1681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Havas, E. J. Roccella, and C. Lenfant Reducing the Public Health Burden From Elevated Blood Pressure Levels in the United States by Lowering Intake of Dietary Sodium Am J Public Health, January 1, 2004; 94(1): 19 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. K. Whelton, J. He, L. J. Appel, J. A. Cutler, S. Havas, T. A. Kotchen, E. J. Roccella, R. Stout, C. Vallbona, M. C. Winston, et al. Primary Prevention of Hypertension: Clinical and Public Health Advisory From the National High Blood Pressure Education Program JAMA, October 16, 2002; 288(15): 1882 - 1888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M Loria, E. Obarzanek, and N. D. Ernst Choose and Prepare Foods with Less Salt: Dietary Advice for All Americans J. Nutr., February 1, 2001; 131(2): 536S - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. M. Sacks, L. P. Svetkey, W. M. Vollmer, L. J. Appel, G. A. Bray, D. Harsha, E. Obarzanek, P. R. Conlin, E. R. Miller, D. G. Simons-Morton, et al. Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet N. Engl. J. Med., January 4, 2001; 344(1): 3 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Greenland Beating High Blood Pressure with Low-Sodium DASH N. Engl. J. Med., January 4, 2001; 344(1): 53 - 55. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. M Kaplan The dietary guideline for sodium: should we shake it up? No Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2000; 71(5): 1020 - 1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]