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National Dairy Council, Rosemont, Illinois (G.D.M., J.K.J.)
Nutrition Consultant, Ann Arbor, Michigan (L.D.M.)
Address reprint requests to: Gregory D. Miller, PhD, FACN, Vice President, Nutrition Research and Technology Transfer, National Dairy Council, 10255 West Higgins, Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018-5616. E-mail: gregorymrosedmi.com.
Calcium can be obtained from foods naturally rich in calcium such as dairy foods, from calcium-fortified foods and beverages, from supplements or from a combination of these. Recognition of calcium’s many health benefits, along with Americans’ low calcium intake, has led to interest in how best to meet calcium needs. Foods are the preferred source of calcium. Milk and other dairy foods are the major source of calcium in the U.S. In addition, these foods provide substantial amounts of other essential nutrients. Consequently, intake of dairy foods improves the overall nutritional quality of the diet. Other foods such as some green leafy vegetables, legumes and cereals provide calcium, but generally in lower amounts per serving than do dairy foods. Also, some components such as phytates in cereals and oxalates in spinach reduce the bioavailability of calcium. Calcium-fortified foods and calcium supplements are an option for individuals who cannot meet their calcium needs from foods naturally containing this mineral. However, their intake cannot correct poor dietary patterns of food selection which underlie Americans’ low calcium intake. Considering the adverse health and economic effects of low calcium intakes, strategies are needed to optimize calcium intake. A first step is to recognize factors influencing dietary calcium consumption. Substituting soft drinks for milk and eating away from home are among the barriers to adequate calcium intake. The American public needs to understand why consuming foods containing calcium is the best way to meet calcium needs and learn how to accomplish this objective.
Key words: calcium, dairy products, fortified-foods, supplements, calcium deficiency disorders
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