| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Original Research |
Kellogg-USA, Battle Creek, Michigan (S.C., C.A.C.), Berkeley, California
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California (M.D., C.J.P.B., G.B.)
Address reprint requests to: Gladys Block, PhD, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360. E-mail: gblock{at}uclink.berkeley.edu
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between breakfast type, energy intake and body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized not only that breakfast consumption itself is associated with BMI, but that the type of food eaten at breakfast also affects BMI.
Methods: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a large, population-based study conducted in the United States from 1988 to 1994, were analyzed for breakfast type, total daily energy intake, and BMI. The analyzed breakfast categories were "Skippers," "Meat/eggs," "Ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC)," "Cooked cereal," "Breads," "Quick Breads," "Fruits/vegetables," "Dairy," "Fats/sweets," and "Beverages." Analysis of covariance was used to estimate adjusted mean body mass index (BMI) and energy intake (kcal) as dependent variables. Covariates included age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and poverty index ratio.
Results: Subjects who ate RTEC, Cooked cereal, or Quick Breads for breakfast had significantly lower BMI compared to Skippers and Meat and Egg eaters (p 
0.01). Breakfast skippers and fruit/vegetable eaters had the lowest daily energy intake. The Meat and Eggs eaters had the highest daily energy intake and one of the highest BMIs.
Conclusions: This analysis provides evidence that skipping breakfast is not an effective way to manage weight. Eating cereal (ready-to-eat or cooked cereal) or quick breads for breakfast is associated with significantly lower body mass index compared to skipping breakfast or eating meats and/or eggs for breakfast.
Key words: breakfast type, body mass index, energy intake, feeding patterns
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  G. E. J. Faulkner, P. F. Gorczynski, and T. A. Cohn Psychiatric Illness and Obesity: Recognizing the "Obesogenic" Nature of an Inpatient Psychiatric Setting Psychiatr Serv, April 1, 2009; 60(4): 538 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. C. Rampersaud Benefits of Breakfast for Children and Adolescents: Update and Recommendations for Practitioners American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, March 1, 2009; 3(2): 86 - 103. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K Kant, M. B Andon, T. J Angelopoulos, and J. M Rippe Association of breakfast energy density with diet quality and body mass index in American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2008; 88(5): 1396 - 1404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E.-K. Groholt, H. Stigum, and R. Nordhagen Overweight and obesity among adolescents in Norway: cultural and socio-economic differences J. Public Health Med., September 1, 2008; 30(3): 258 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. O'Neil and T. A. Nicklas A Review of the Relationship Between 100% Fruit Juice Consumption and Weight in Children and Adolescents American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, July 1, 2008; 2(4): 315 - 354. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. A. Raynor, R. W. Jeffery, A. M. Ruggiero, J. M. Clark, L. M. Delahanty, and for the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Weight Loss Strategies Associated With BMI in Overweight Adults With Type 2 Diabetes at Entry Into the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Trial Diabetes Care, July 1, 2008; 31(7): 1299 - 1304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. J. Greenwood and J. B. Stanford Preventing or Improving Obesity by Addressing Specific Eating Patterns J Am Board Fam Med, March 1, 2008; 21(2): 135 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. R. Purslow, M. S. Sandhu, N. Forouhi, E. H. Young, R. N. Luben, A. A. Welch, K.-T. Khaw, S. A. Bingham, and N. J. Wareham Energy Intake at Breakfast and Weight Change: Prospective Study of 6,764 Middle-aged Men and Women Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2008; 167(2): 188 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. F. Krebs, J. H. Himes, D. Jacobson, T. A. Nicklas, P. Guilday, and D. Styne Assessment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(Supplement_4): S193 - S228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K Kant and B. I Graubard Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1215 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Wilsgaard, B. K. Jacobsen, and E. Arnesen Determining Lifestyle Correlates of Body Mass Index using Multilevel Analyses: The Tromso Study, 1979-2001 Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2005; 162(12): 1179 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. R Farshchi, M. A Taylor, and I. A Macdonald Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2005; 81(2): 388 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
