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The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC, (A.R.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, (A.L.)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, (N.S.)
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INTRODUCTION |
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 TOP INTRODUCTION I. AdultsII. Pregnancy and LactationIII. Composition of Infant... |
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The workshop participants consisted of investigators of the role of essential fatty acids in infant nutrition, cardiovascular disease, and mental health. The first two areas were selected because they are the ones where extensive studies involving animal models, clinical intervention trials, and biochemical and physiologic mechanisms and their function have been carried out relative to omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. The role of essential fatty acids in mental health is a new, but promising research area.
The workshop was truly international in nature bringing together scientists from academia, government, international organizations, and industry, from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States.
The first two days of the workshop consisted of presentations and extensive discussions. The format of the workshop was Round Table permitting extensive discussion following individual presentations and at the completion of each session. The first day consisted of Session I. Principles to be Considered in Determining Essentiality and DRIs and Session II. Essential Fatty Acids and Central Nervous System Function. Day two began with Session III. Cardiovascular Disease and ended with Session IV: Relationship of Essential Fatty Acids to Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Trans Fatty Acids. On the morning of the third day, during Session V. Dietary Recommendations and Omega-6:Omega-3 Ratio (LA, LNA, AA, EPA, DHA), industry representatives reported on studies supported by their companies, on clinical interventions, and product development. Representatives from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) presented their agencies’ scientific studies or policies on the dietary intake of fatty acids, especially essential fatty acids, and their activities in the field.
One recommendation deserves explanation here. After much discussion consensus was reached on the importance of reducing the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) even as the omega-3 PUFAs are increased in the diet of adults and newborns for optimal brain and cardiovascular health and function. This is necessary to reduce adverse effects of excesses of arachidonic acid and its eicosanoid products. Such excesses can occur when too much LA and AA are present in the diet and an adequate supply of dietary omega-3 fatty acids is not available. The adverse effects of too much arachidonic acid and its eicosanoids can be avoided by two interdependent dietary changes. First, the amount of plant oils rich in LA, the parent compound of the omega-6 class, which is converted to AA, needs to be reduced. Second, simultaneously the omega-3 PUFAs need to be increased in the diet. LA can be converted to arachidonic acid and the enzyme, 
-6 desaturase, necessary to desaturate it, is the same one necessary to desaturate LNA, the parent compound of the omega-3 class; each competes with the other for this desaturase. The presence of LNA in the diet can inhibit the conversion of the large amounts of LA in the diets of Western industrialized countries which contain too much dietary plant oils rich in omega-6 PUFAs (e.g. corn, safflower, and soybean oils). The increase of LNA, together with EPA and DHA, and reduction of vegetable oils with high LA content, are necessary to achieve a healthier diet in these countries.
The afternoon of the third day was devoted to discussion of the omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids and their relationship to other fatty acids. The discussion focussed on specific recommendations for healthy adults, pregnant and lactating women, and the composition of infant formula that will support the growth and development of the formula-fed infant no differently than the breast-fed infant.
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I. Adults |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONI. AdultsII. Pregnancy and LactationIII. Composition of Infant... |
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II. Pregnancy and Lactation |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONI. AdultsII. Pregnancy and LactationIII. Composition of Infant... |
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III. Composition of Infant Formula/Diet |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONI. AdultsII. Pregnancy and LactationIII. Composition of Infant... |
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Eileen Birch, Ph.D. (Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas, USA), Jacques Boudreau (Ocean Nutrition Canada, Ltd., Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada), Raffaele De Caterina, M.D., Ph.D. (CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy), William Clay, Ph.D. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy), S. Boyd Eaton, M.D. (Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA), Claudio Galli, M.D. (University of Milan, Milan, Italy), Tomohito Hamazaki, M.D., Ph.D. (Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan), William S. Harris, Ph.D. (St. Luke’s Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas, USA), Joseph R. Hibbeln, M.D. (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), Peter R.C. Howe, Ph.D. (University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia), David J. Kyle, Ph.D. (Martek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland, USA), William E. Lands, Ph.D. (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), Dominique Lanzmann-Petithory, M.D. (Groupe Danone, Athis Mons, France), Alexander Leaf, M.D. (Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA), Roberto Marchioli, M.D. (Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy), Reto Muggli, Ph.D. (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland), Gary J. Nelson, Ph.D. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, California, USA), Sandra Ohnesorg (BASF Health & Nutrition, Ballerup, Denmark), Harumi Okuyama, M.D. (Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan), Manuel Peña, M.D. (Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., USA), Serge Renaud, M.D. (INSERM, Bordeaux, France), Bjorn Rene, Ph.D. (Pronova Biocare, A.S., Sandefjord, Norway), Norman Salem, Jr., Ph.D. (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA), Artemis P. Simopoulos, M.D. (The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, D.C., USA), Andrew Sinclair, Ph.D. (RMIT, Melbourne, Australia), Arthur A. Spector, M.D. (The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA), Paul A. Stitt, Ph.D. (Essential Nutrient Research Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA), Andrew L. Stoll, M.D. (McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA), Peter Willatts, Ph.D. (University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom), and Herbert Woolf, Ph.D. (BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, New Jersey, USA).
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FOOTNOTES |
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