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Grains have been a staple part of the diet since the beginning of agriculture 10,000 years ago. There is intense debate over whether whole grain foods, refined carbohydrates or total carbohydrate consumption are significant factors in development of various disease endpoints including obesity, diabetes and heart disease. See the review by Liu (p. 298). Barley may have been domesticated for production of beer, rather than direct consumption. Shown is a silver coin with the image of an ear of barley minted in Metapontum (now in Italy) 530-510 BC. The upper image displays the obverse and the lower image the reverse. Images courtesy of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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