| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Review |
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Address correspondence to: Dr. Frank Hu, Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: Frank.hu{at}channing.harvard.edu
During the past several decades, reduction in fat intake has been the main focus of national dietary recommendations to decrease risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Several lines of evidence, however, have indicated that types of fat have a more important role in determining risk of CHD than total amount of fat in the diet. Metabolic studies have long established that the type of fat, but not total amount of fat, predicts serum cholesterol levels. In addition, results from epidemiologic studies and controlled clinical trials have indicated that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is more effective in lowering risk of CHD than simply reducing total fat consumption. Moreover, prospective cohort studies and secondary prevention trials have provided strong evidence that an increasing intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish or plant sources substantially lowers risk of cardiovascular mortality. In this article, we review evidence from epidemiologic studies and dietary intervention trials addressing the relationship between dietary fat intake and risk of CHD, with a particular emphasis on different major types of fat, n-3 fatty acids and the optimal balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. We also discuss the implications of the available evidence in the context of current dietary recommendations.
Key words: dietary fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, trans fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, women
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. S. Bassuk and J. E. Manson Lifestyle and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 191 - 213. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. D. Zheljazkov, B. A. Vick, M. W. Ebelhar, N. Buehring, B. S. Baldwin, T. Astatkie, and J. F. Miller Yield, Oil Content, and Composition of Sunflower Grown at Multiple Locations in Mississippi Agron. J., May 7, 2008; 100(3): 635 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Djousse and J M. Gaziano Egg consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Physicians' Health Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2008; 87(4): 964 - 969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Marsh and J. Brand-Miller State of the Art Reviews: Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Chronic Disease American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 142 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Mourao, V. M. Pinheiro, J. A. M. Prates, R. J. B. Bessa, L. M. A. Ferreira, C. M. G. A. Fontes, and P. I. P. Ponte Effect of Dietary Dehydrated Pasture and Citrus Pulp on the Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Poult. Sci., April 1, 2008; 87(4): 733 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Djousse and J. M. Gaziano Egg Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure in the Physicians' Health Study Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): 512 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. I. P. Ponte, S. P. Alves, R. J. B. Bessa, L. M. A. Ferreira, L. T. Gama, J. L. A. Bras, C. M. G. A. Fontes, and J. A. M. Prates Influence of Pasture Intake on the Fatty Acid Composition, and Cholesterol, Tocopherols, and Tocotrienols Content in Meat from Free-Range Broilers Poult. Sci., January 1, 2008; 87(1): 80 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. K. Kabagambe, M. Y. Tsai, P. N. Hopkins, J. M. Ordovas, J. M. Peacock, I. B. Borecki, and D. K. Arnett Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition and the Metabolic Syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN Study Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 154 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Ochoa, J. L. Quiles, M. Lopez-Frias, J. R. Huertas, and J. Mataix Effect of Lifelong Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Age-Related Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function in Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Rats Fed on a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)-Rich Diet J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2007; 62(11): 1211 - 1218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ghosh, E. M. Novak, and S. M. Innis Cardiac proinflammatory pathways are altered with different dietary n-6 linoleic to n-3 {alpha}-linolenic acid ratios in normal, fat-fed pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H2919 - H2927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Kabagambe, A. Baylin, and H. Campos Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rica: Modifiable Risk Factors, Population-Attributable Risks, and Adherence to Dietary Guidelines Circulation, March 6, 2007; 115(9): 1075 - 1081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Melanson Dietary Factors in Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, January 1, 2007; 1(1): 24 - 28. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. B. Ebbeling, M. N. Pearson, G. Sorensen, R. A. Levine, J. R. Hebert, J. A. Salkeld, and K. E. Peterson Conceptualization and Development of a Theory-Based Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Intervention for Postpartum Women Who Are Low Income Health Promot Pract, January 1, 2007; 8(1): 50 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kuhnt, A. Wagner, J. Kraft, S. Basu, and G. Jahreis Dietary supplementation with 11trans- and 12trans-18:1 and oxidative stress in humans. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 981 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. H. Kushi, T. Byers, C. Doyle, E. V. Bandera, M. McCullough, T. Gansler, K. S. Andrews, M. J. Thun, and The American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Phy American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention: Reducing the Risk of Cancer With Healthy Food Choices and Physical Activity CA Cancer J Clin, September 1, 2006; 56(5): 254 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Vega-Lopez, L. M Ausman, S. M Jalbert, A. T Erkkila, and A. H Lichtenstein Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 54 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M Robinson, S. F Batelaan, H. E Syddall, A. A. Sayer, E. M Dennison, H. J Martin, D. J Barker, C. Cooper, and the Hertfordshire Cohort Study Group Combined effects of dietary fat and birth weight on serum cholesterol concentrations: the Hertfordshire Cohort Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 237 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Nettleton, L. M Steffen, E. J Mayer-Davis, N. S Jenny, R. Jiang, D. M Herrington, and D. R Jacobs Jr Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1369 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Foldes, S. Vajda, Z. Lako-Futo, B. Sarman, R. Skoumal, M. Ilves, R. deChatel, I. Karadi, M. Toth, H. Ruskoaho, et al. Distinct modulation of angiotensin II-induced early left ventricular hypertrophic gene programming by dietary fat type J. Lipid Res., June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1219 - 1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Boos, R. A. Anderson, and G. Y.H. Lip Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2006; 27(2): 136 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Fletcher, K. Berra, P. Ades, L. T. Braun, L. E. Burke, J. L. Durstine, J. M. Fair, G. F. Fletcher, D. Goff, L. L. Hayman, et al. Managing Abnormal Blood Lipids: A Collaborative Approach Circulation, November 15, 2005; 112(20): 3184 - 3209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. K. Kabagambe, A. Baylin, A. Ascherio, and H. Campos The Type of Oil Used for Cooking Is Associated with the Risk of Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rica J. Nutr., November 1, 2005; 135(11): 2674 - 2679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Taveras, C. S. Berkey, S. L. Rifas-Shiman, D. S. Ludwig, H. R.H. Rockett, A. E. Field, G. A. Colditz, and M. W. Gillman Association of Consumption of Fried Food Away From Home With Body Mass Index and Diet Quality in Older Children and Adolescents Pediatrics, October 1, 2005; 116(4): e518 - e524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Fernandez and K. L. West Mechanisms by which Dietary Fatty Acids Modulate Plasma Lipids1 J. Nutr., September 1, 2005; 135(9): 2075 - 2078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Zhu and E. J. Smart Myristic Acid Stimulates Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase in a CD36- and an AMP Kinase-dependent Manner J. Biol. Chem., August 19, 2005; 280(33): 29543 - 29550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Ochoa, J. L. Quiles, J. R. Huertas, and J. Mataix Coenzyme Q10 Protects From Aging-Related Oxidative Stress and Improves Mitochondrial Function in Heart of Rats Fed a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)-Rich Diet J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2005; 60(8): 970 - 975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Monge-Rojas, H. Campos, and X. Fernandez Rojas Saturated and Cis- and Trans-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Rural and Urban Costa Rican Adolescents J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 24(4): 286 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhang, J. R. Hebert, and M. F. Muldoon Dietary Fat Intake Is Associated with Psychosocial and Cognitive Functioning of School-Aged Children in the United States J. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 135(8): 1967 - 1973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Saravanan, A. Haseeb, N. Z Ehtesham, and Ghafoorunissa Differential effects of dietary saturated and trans-fatty acids on expression of genes associated with insulin sensitivity in rat adipose tissue Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2005; 153(1): 159 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Kabagambe, A. Baylin, E. Ruiz-Narvarez, X. Siles, and H. Campos Decreased Consumption of Dried Mature Beans Is Positively Associated with Urbanization and Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Nutr., July 1, 2005; 135(7): 1770 - 1775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. SPITELLER Is Atherosclerosis a Multifactorial Disease or Is It Induced by a Sequence of Lipid Peroxidation Reactions? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., June 1, 2005; 1043(1): 355 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Oh, F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: 20 Years of Follow-up of the Nurses' Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 161(7): 672 - 679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lopez-Garcia, M. B. Schulze, J. B. Meigs, J. E. Manson, N. Rifai, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu Consumption of Trans Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 562 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Laaksonen, K. Nyyssonen, L. Niskanen, T. H. Rissanen, and J. T. Salonen Prediction of Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-aged Men by Dietary and Serum Linoleic and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Arch Intern Med, January 24, 2005; 165(2): 193 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mozaffarian, A. Ascherio, F. B. Hu, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, D. S. Siscovick, and E. B. Rimm Interplay Between Different Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men Circulation, January 18, 2005; 111(2): 157 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lopez-Garcia, M. B Schulze, T. T Fung, J. B Meigs, N. Rifai, J. E Manson, and F. B Hu Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2004; 80(4): 1029 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J B. German and C. J Dillard Saturated fats: what dietary intake? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 550 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tanasescu, E. Cho, J. E Manson, and F. B Hu Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 999 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. S. Fuehrlein, M. S. Rutenberg, J. N. Silver, M. W. Warren, D. W. Theriaque, G. E. Duncan, P. W. Stacpoole, and M. L. Brantly Differential Metabolic Effects of Saturated Versus Polyunsaturated Fats in Ketogenic Diets J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1641 - 1645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Weinberg The diet-heart hypothesis: a critique J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 3, 2004; 43(5): 731 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. He, W. C Willett, and A. Ascherio Dietary fat intake and risk of stroke: Authors' reply BMJ, December 6, 2003; 327(7427): 1348 - 1349. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Boynton-Jarrett, T. N. Thomas, K. E. Peterson, J. Wiecha, A. M. Sobol, and S. L. Gortmaker Impact of Television Viewing Patterns on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Adolescents Pediatrics, December 1, 2003; 112(6): 1321 - 1326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. B Hu Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 544S - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. MacIntosh, S. H. A. Holt, and J. C. Brand-Miller The Degree of Fat Saturation Does Not Alter Glycemic, Insulinemic or Satiety Responses to a Starchy Staple in Healthy Men J. Nutr., August 1, 2003; 133(8): 2577 - 2580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Pischon, S. E. Hankinson, G. S. Hotamisligil, N. Rifai, W. C. Willett, and E. B. Rimm Habitual Dietary Intake of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids in Relation to Inflammatory Markers Among US Men and Women Circulation, July 15, 2003; 108(2): 155 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Herron, S. Vega-Lopez, K. Conde, T. Ramjiganesh, N. S. Shachter, and M. L. Fernandez Men Classified as Hypo- or Hyperresponders to Dietary Cholesterol Feeding Exhibit Differences in Lipoprotein Metabolism J. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 133(4): 1036 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Baylin, E. K. Kabagambe, A. Ascherio, D. Spiegelman, and H. Campos Adipose Tissue {alpha}-Linolenic Acid and Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rica Circulation, April 1, 2003; 107(12): 1586 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. B. Hu and W. C. Willett Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease JAMA, November 27, 2002; 288(20): 2569 - 2578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Baylin, E. K Kabagambe, X. Siles, and H. Campos Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2002; 76(4): 750 - 757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Perry, M. T. McGuire, D. Neumark-Sztainer, and M. Story Adolescent Vegetarians: How Well Do Their Dietary Patterns Meet the Healthy People 2010 Objectives? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 2002; 156(5): 431 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. C. Willett Harvesting the Fruits of Research: New Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity CA Cancer J Clin, March 1, 2002; 52(2): 66 - 67. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
